STRATEGY OF STRUCTURE TOEFL

STRATEGI STRUCTURE TOEFL

1.      The sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The characteristics noun : The, a, an, -ion, -ment, -ty, -ness, and usually located between the ... of ...

Example : Of all the cereals, rice is the one —– food for more people than any of the other grain crops.

a.      It provides.                                  c. Provides.

b.      That providing.                           d. That provides (Answer).

2.      Subject & Verb Agreement.

·         Is ® tunggal

·         Are ® jamak

·         Subjek Tunggal ® V+s/es

·         Subjek Tunggal ® has

·         Subjek Jamak —> have

3.      Parallesm.

Formula : words, words (and / but / or / so) word – uniform.

Example : To generate income, magazine publishers must decide wheather to increase the subscription price or –

a.      To sell advertising.                                 c. Selling advertising (answer).

b.      If they should sell advertising.               d. Sold advertising.

4.      One of the definite sentence tenses.

5.      Front of conjunctions in the sentence, then there must be a middle sentence punctuation commas.

Altought, because, when, since.

Example : both men and women have often achieved their career ambitions by midlife, many people are afflicted by at last a temporary period of dissatisfaction and depression.

a.      Because (answer).                                              c. A.

b.      So.                                                                       d. Who.

6.      IF.

·         If Present, …will…

·         If Past, …would … (were) ® khusus

·         If had+V3, … would have+V3 …

Example : If it — more humid in the desert of the Soutwest, the hot temperature would be unbearable.

a.      Be.                                                                      c. Was.

b.      Is.                                                                        d. Were (answer).

7.      Paired conjunction.

·           Both …and…

·            Not only … but also…

·           Either … or…

·           Neither … nor…

·           The same … as…

·           As … as…

Example : North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park — for the Cherokee Indian settlements.

a.      Also.                                                                    c. But also (answer) sesuai rumus.

b.      And.                                                                     d. Because of.

8.      Comparatives and Superlative Sentences.

·           More/-er …than ® should not be disposable the, except word : the sooner …, the better…

·           Most/the -est …in/of …

9.      Countable Noun dan Uncountable Noun.

·         Nouns can be calculated : Many, Few.

·         Nouns can not be counted : Much, Little.

·         There is a special noun is a noun that can not be calculated : money, data, information, time, homework, equipment.

·         Noun word “s” meaning behind it certainly can be counted, unless the news (not calculated)

Example : the investor who —money , silver, or bonds are good options.

a.      Has so little.                                              c. Has so few.

b.      Has very little (answer).                           d. Has very few.

10.  Verb pairs.

·         Fail to.

·         Responsible for.

·         Afraid of.

·         Effect…

·         Forbidden to…

·         Interested in…

Example : The differential attractions of the sun and the moon have a direct effect on the rising and the falling of the tides.

11.  Conjunctive.

·         Who ® Predikat (V, tobe bukan orang).

·         Whom ® Subject (orang).

·         That ® Kata kerja.

Example : John Philip Sousa, whom many people consider the greatest composer of marches, wrote his music during the era known as the Gay 90s.

12.  Causative.

·         Principle tells people to do something.

·         People (had/made/let/help), people + V1.

Example : I help you do your homework.

13.  Negative expressions.

(Not/only/never/rarely) + sentences + (aux+s+v1).

14.  Preposition.

·         Tunggal ® it, is.

·         Jamak ® they, them.

Example : Aeronomy is the study of the earth’s upper atmosphere, whch includes it’s composition, temperature, density, and chemical reactions.

15.  Pronoun.

·         (by/in/of/for) + Kata benda / V+ing.

Example : Althought it can be derived from oil, coal, and tar, kerosene is usually produced by refining it from petroleum.

artikel bahasa inggris bisnis 2

PLN to not pay dividends due to weakening rupiah

State-run electric company PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) is not going to pay out dividends to the government as it suffered a huge net loss last year.

"This is because of [rupiah against US dollar] rate changes," PLN president director Nur Pamudji said at the Economic Coordinating Ministry office in Jakarta on Friday as quoted by kompas.com.

Nur said that he had reported the dividend issue to the central government.

PLN suffered a Rp 29.4 trillion (US$2.52 billion) net loss last year due to the weak rupiah, thus increasing the firm's power purchasing price.

Comment :

i think all  it to happening because Losses to The state company has to pay the loan in foreign currency from a number of agencies amid weak international  exchange rupiah against the U.S. dollar . Operating profit of PLN continues improved . 2008 new business profit of Rp 3.6 trillion and Rp 34.7 trillion in 2013 . however , due to foreign exchange losses , PLN experience losses at the end of 2013 before the audited Rp 30.9 trillion . Because about 30 percent of the debt PLN dominated debt in foreign currency , the Another loan from the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , World Bank , and the financial institutions of one country , for example, the Bank of Japan to Work International same . during the investment growth PLN closed with debt . The data mentioned , the current debt Long-term PLN Rp 220 trillion , while the PLN's total debt , both long-term debt nd short-term , per December 31, 2013 reached Rp 466 trillion . Meanwhile , the company aims to invest in 2014 Rp 57.54 trillion , lower than the target investment 2013 of Rp 64.9 trillion . " The decline in the target due to reduced ability of PLN . It is between because electricity rates rose only partially , operating margin was not enough so the ability borrowing is reduced .

strategies listening toefl

TOEFL listening section, tests the ability of a student, especially a non-native English speaker, to understand spoken English (accentuated) in educational setting. Listening is an important skill to understand the concepts and ideas. Only when the concepts are understood completely it becomes a lighter task to score in the listening section of TOEFL test. In order to develop the listening skills for TOEFL, there are certain set of listening strategies or steps. They are explained in detail given below.

Requirements for TOEFL Listening Strategy

Listening strategies for TOEFL aims at providing each and every minute detail that are required to respond to all the questions within the given time in this section. Responding to the questions in time is very important because, it will help TOEFL candidates to save time, which they might spend on, one specific part of the test section.

There are certain steps in strategies that would help in managing time in each part of listening test section (recordings). There are some basic requirements for listening skills which serves the steps in TOEFL listening strategies as detailed below :

·         Basic Comprehension

When students listen to a recorded lecture or a conversation, they should understand the central or main idea in it. Then they should skim the recording for key points, important facts, purpose and the relevant details that connects the key points.

• Practical Understanding

It may also be called as “pragmatic understanding” where the meaning of a word should be taken, according to the context. Students are needed to find the intended meaning of the speaker i.e. from his point of view. A wide range of vocabulary is necessary for this process because, the recordings in listening test are usually from academic background. Practical understanding also becomes a must to find the purpose of a lecture or a conversation.

•  Relate Ideas given in multiple information sources

Relating ideas is the final state where the key points and the important facts are compared to find the relationship between them. This method would initially lead to construct an argument. Then a string of supportive and non supportive elements are categorized and as a result the causes for the events are traced. This is where a student would end up identifying the conclusion which is expressed indirectly.

•  Inference

Inference is to find the implied conclusion in recordings from the author’s point of view. The conclusion might be implied or expressed indirectly anywhere in the passage.

These are the basic requirements necessary, in each part of the strategy of listening section, which consists of two recorded lectures and one long conversation. These fundamentals are to be followed, in the following few preparatory steps.

Strategies in Preparation

• Spoken English From Various Sources And Accents

There are variations between the accents of English. It is the best to listen to English from various sources like television, music, radio etc. And also it is good to listen to the native speakers of English with different pronunciation and dialect. By doing this students would be able to improve their listening skills and also they will get used to different kinds of accents. It will be helpful very much if they listen to academic passages or conversations.

• Making Notes

While listening to a recording, notes should be jot down. These notes would help you to remember the important points given by speaker. The reason is also that, during the test you will be given only one chance to listen to a passage. Note making will help you to remember the details and the clues effectively.

• Main Idea

The main idea of a passage should be identified in a recording, as a first task while taking notes. Main idea of a lecture is usually given in the introductory part. The other details would be given in the rest of a lecture. Once the main idea is found it becomes a lighter task to find the purpose of the speaker.

• Pointer Words, Important Facts And Relationship Between The Facts

The pointer words may be defined as signal words or clues, given by the speaker. These keywords should be collected along with important facts and events. This should be done in order to compare them and identify the relationship between them. In turn this would give you the cause of the events.

• Summary of Observation

Give a summary of the recording which was listened, using the notes that are taken down. During this process, only important facts, relevant details, main idea and the key facts are covered. This is a good time saving technique, to prevent going through the notes again and again.

• Building your Vocabulary

Above all it is also important to build a student’s vocabulary, to find the meaning of a word, according to the context of the speaker. Students should get familiar with the words which they consider as new ones and practice them in their everyday life.

The steps and the requirements in TOEFL strategies for listening section, which are elaborated above should be followed and practiced to manage time while taking up the test. The most important part in listening section is to concentrate on the subject of the speaker, and a student does not have to be distracted by the accent.

The Listening Comprehension section tests your ability to understand both short and long conversations in English. The section contains recorded material that is similar to what you might hear if you were with a group of students at an English-speaking college or university. The language includes

·         vocabulary and idiomatic expressions common to spoken English

·          special grammatical constructions used in speech

There are three parts to this section, with special directions for each part. Answer all questions based on what is stated or implied by the speakers you hear.

Here is an example.

On the recording, you will hear:

(woman)             : I don't like this painting very much

(man)                    : Neither do I.

(narrator)            : What does the man mean

In your test book, you will read:

A.      He doesn't like the painting either.

B.      He doesn't know how to paint.

C.       He doesn't have any paintings.

D.      He doesn't know what to do.

You learn from the conversation that neither the man nor the woman likes the painting. The best answer to the question, "What does the man mean?" is A, "He doesn't like the painting either." Therefore, the correct choice is A.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1.       You will hear : 

(man)            : Shall I lock up the computer lab now before I go home?

(woman)     : Don't bother. I'm not leaving for a while, I can check it on my way out.

(narrator)   : What will the woman probably do?

You will read      :

A.      Lock the computer lab later.

B.      Leave with the man.

C.      Buy a new lock for the computer lab.

D.      Show the man where the lab is.

2.       You will hear : 

(man)            : Do you mind if I turn the television off?

(woman)     : Well, I'm in the middle of watching a program.

(narrator)    : What does the woman imply?

You will read      :

A.      The man should watch the program too.

B.      The man should leave the television on.

C.      The program will be over soon.

D.      She'll watch television later.

3.       You will hear : 

(woman)     : I heard the math requirements for graduation are being changed.

(man)            Yes. And I may be short one course.

(narrator)   What does the man mean?